Все трудности воспитания вытекают из того, что родители, не только не исправляя своих недостатков, но и оправдывая их в себе, хотят не видеть эти недостатки в детях.

Лев Толстой

If you’re constantly feeling tired it’s tempting to become concerned about your iron levels, consider painting your ceiling a relaxing shade of ochre and look into buying a new pillow that fits your personality better. But you probably just need to go to bed a bit earlier. Perhaps on some level of consciousness we find it hard to believe that anything simple could possibly make a dent in our problems, which as we already know are of course really difficult and can only be solved by a super-genius such as ourselves. But there will always be simple things you are doing badly that you should look at first…

Quotes from “Feynman’s Rainbow”

A scientist’s work is normal activities of humans carried out to a fault, in a very exaggerated form. Ordinary people don’t do it as often, or, as I do, think about the same problem every day. Only idiots like me do that! Or Darwin, or somebody who worries about the same question. “Where do the animals come from?” Or, “What is the relation of species?” A scientist works on it, and thinks about it for years! What I do, is something that common people often do, but so much more that it looks crazy! But it’s trying to find the potentiality as a human being.

For example, neither you nor I have muscles that stand way out on our arms like these fabulous guys. For us that would be impossible. Well they work and they work and they work on it. In that case, it might be a fault. How big can you make those muscles? How can you make the chest look great? They try to find out how far you can go. And therefore, they do something with an intensity that is out of the ordinary. It doesn’t mean that we never lift weights. All they do is lift weights more.

* * *

At first I went to MIT as a freshman in the math department. I went to the head of the math department and asked, sir, “What is the use of higher mathematics if not to teach more higher mathematics?” And he answered, “If you have to ask that question don’t go on in mathematics.”

He was absolutely right. And that taught me something.

I had chosen mathematics only because I discovered I could do math very well. And I had somehow gotten the idea that math was at a higher level. But I really got interested in math because of application science. I hadn’t fully appreciated that.

I was interested in math, and I was interested in all these things in terms of some kinds of use. And by use I meant application, understanding nature — do something with it. Not just make more of this, this logical stuff, this monster. Of course, there is nothing wrong with it. I’m not trying to put down the mathematician. Everybody has different interests. But I realized that my interest is not in the precision of proofs, but in the thing that is proved, which is not the ordinary attitude of the mathematician. They like to structure the nature of proofs and so on. I was more interested in the facts that were demonstrated about the mathematical relationships. Because I wanted to use them for something, you see.

* * *

[…] what should bother you as much as whether or not your friend fudged his work, is that a lot of people read it and couldn’t tell the difference. There are so many people out there not being skeptical, or not understanding what they are doing. They’re all just following along. That’s what we have — too many followers, too few leaders.

Newton […] believed there was something ‘vegetative’ about metals which led them to grow within the earth as veins that are entirely analogous to trees. The fact that ‘metal trees’ could be made in the lab apparently confirmed this view.

There was nothing idiosyncratic about the idea, which was shared by many scientists in Newton’s day. That metals and salts were formed by vegetative growth was proposed in the early sixteenth century by the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus, who stated that, just as trees have their roots in the soil and grow upwards into the air, so mineral veins have their roots in subterranean water and grow upwards into the earth. Mineral veins, wrote Paracelsus’s contemporary Biringuccio, an Italian authority on mining and metallurgy, ‘show themselves almost like the veins of blood in the bodies of animals, or the branches of trees spread out in different directions’.

Branches: Nature’s Patterns

Quotes from “Seeing Is Forgetting the Name of the Thing One Sees”

One of the first things I learned about teaching is that you have to respond to each student individually. You don’t start with any idea of what they should be doing, who they’re supposed to be, or what their performance level is, and you don’t compare them to one another. You simply start with each one of them wherever they are and develop the process from there.

* * *

All the time my ideal of teaching has been to argue with people on behalf of the idea that they are responsible for their own activities … The most critical part of that is for them to begin developing the ability to assign their own tasks and make their own criticism in direct relation to their own needs and not in a light of some abstract criteria.

… I would think that the most immoral thing one can do is have ambitions for someone else’s mind.

… there comes a moment when there occurs a shift from why to how. I mean, people want you to be their guru, and that’s the last thing you can do for them, that’s the worst thing.

* * *

Take a painting by Barnett Newman on display at a museum, one of those where he’s made a line down the center, hard on one edge and soft on the other, across a large field of, say, red. If as a young artist you were to take that seriously as a purely aesthetic experience … it would be very difficult to understand how they could hang that painting on those two rods coming down from the ceiling: How were you supposed to separate the line in the painting from the rod on the wall?

… The rod on the wall, of course, is very meaningless. So therefore you can, in a sense, just not see it. … you simply eliminate those rods by a deductive process of meaning.

[But] you don’t just do it when you’re looking at a painting. We’re talking about a mental construct to which the whole civilization has deeply committed itself.

In our ordinary lives we move through the world with a strong expectation-fit ratio which we use as much to block out information as gather it in - and for good reason, most of the time; we block out information which is not critical to our activity. Otherwise we might well become immobilized. But after a while, you know, you do that repeatedly, day after day after day, and the world begins to take on a fairly uniform look. … We edit from it severely, in time to only see what we expect to see.

* * *

Irwin pointed through the glass wall up at the play of shadows on a building facade across the street. “That the light strikes a certain wall at a particular time of day in a particular way and it’s beautiful,” he commented, “that, as far as I’m concerned, now fits all my criteria for art.” At the terminus of Irwin’s trajectory, when all the nonessentials had been stripped away, came the core assertion that aesthetic perception itself was the pure subject of art. Art existed not in objects but in a way of seeing.

* * *

The site was a large oval in the center of the university, an oval of grass surrounded by buildings. There were a series of formal concrete paths which had been laid out there initially so as to get people from one building to another. But as these things happen, and as other buildings were added, people walked their own paths into the grass oval. And what the authorities did, which was very wise, was simply to let people walk the paths and after they were really established, they concreted them in. So now this thing has an interweaving of paths which is geometric and yet informal…

So, to me it was already a piece of sculpture. It had all the dimensions and all the properties of a piece of sculpture: physical divisions, both organic and geometric, participation of people, the kinetics of the movement. It was already operative in that way.

Now, contextually speaking, no one but someone like myself who was preoccupied with it would never recognize that idea. Not too many people pay attention to that sort of thing.

With pictures, with paintings inside frames, maybe, they’d be prepared to invest that suspended aesthetic attention. But paintings are like what you can barely make out through a keyhole compared with the richness of perception that’s just waiting there in the world to be experienced all the time.

* * *

If the key movement over the past several hundred years of art as far as he’s concerned—the essence of what he describes as the upsurge, the necessary upsurge, of modernism—has been the collapse of figure and ground (all that stuff about the successive compressions of the subject matter of art from God to Christ to king to servant to shawl to this mere color red; and then on past the marriage of figure and ground in cubism, from painting to the wall surrounding it), it had never been a question of bleaching out the figure, of making the figure as undifferentiated as the ground around it. Rather, the ground was being heightened, was suddenly being attended to with all the focus previously reserved for the figure alone. The focus—the allowance for complexity—was being widened.

* * *

What nature does with its colors is invariably—the palette of nature is twice as complicated, at least twice as sophisticated, as anything any artist can even come up with. On a couple of levels.

To start with, there are these amazing combinations of colors, filled with surprises and almost never wrong. I don’t know how Nature ever conceived to put, say, those together. But, boy, are they right on the money!

The second is that color in nature is made up as much from texture as it is from the actual color itself. You have a color that’s made up of, say, fifty points of light, rather than on a painting, where it may be a single smear of color. Even in a pointillist painting, where you may be trying to approximate those fifty points of light, you’re never going to get the complexity and richness which you get here in nature.

Quotes from “On Writing” by Gerald Weinberg

…dedicated writers seldom write one thing at a time. Personally, I know next to nothing about writing one at a time, let alone writing one thing to someone’s personal order.

* * *

…reading structures are presentation methods, not creation methods. Creation doesn’t work in any such regular way…

* * *

I get some of my best stones in interpersonal situations – conversing, playing, and dining – but early in my career, I would lose most of them.

* * *

You need about three times as many stones to choose from as you’ll actually use. You’ll probably want to start another project with the leftovers.

* * *

If I don’t respond, my readers probably won’t either. That’s the secret of the Fieldstone Method: Always be guided by emotional responses, or, as Fieldstone writers say, by the energy – the heat that the coal provides when it burns inside of you.

* * *

Sometimes, your response will resonate with everyone, but sometimes, you will find yourself responding to stones that other people’s eyes consider unworthy of further notice.

* * *

When I read my own work aloud to another person, I know that a passage needs replacing if I feel the urge to explain it. After all, once something is published, I’m not generally going to sit alongside my readers to explain what the writing doesn’t explain for itself.

* * *

Perfection Rule – I must always be perfect. It’s pure poison for writers. In its most common form, it paralyzes writers and prevents them from writing anything.

…The Fieldstone Method tends to counteract this form of the rules because it leaves me free to write lots of words and throw away the ones that aren’t perfect.

* * *

If you have a great pile of ideas, organization skills can help you write a story, an article, or a book. But if you lack ideas and simply want to have written a story, article, or book, learning to organize will not help. Nobody can make a stone wall without stones.

* * *

Novice writers always have a title for their work before they have anything else on paper. But if they haven’t yet written the work, how can they know what its title should be? At the moment I’m writing these words, the working title of this book is simply Fieldstones. I don’t know what the title will be by the time you have the book in your hands – but I don’t waste a whole lot of prime writing time wondering.

* * *

Sometimes, the whole first chapter has to be moved. That’s why I don’t start writing with the first of anything.

* * *

…don’t rush the organizing and don’t feel you have to use every piece. It’s been a tendency of mine to put too much in my coal mines, or so some readers have complained. I want to provide value, but a stone’s that impossible to lift is of no value to anybody.

* * *

…many editors and agents advise that you should submit an outline, not a finished manuscript, when seeking a contract. But as a Fieldstone author, I never seek a contract unless and until I have the actual manuscript in hand. That way, the finishing process stays under my control at all times – not controlled by some bingo-card outline I hatched to sell the project to a publisher. If my publisher does insist on an outline rather than the finished manuscript, I simply provide the outline of the manuscript that lies completed and waiting on my desk.

Цитаты из книги “Математика. Утрата Определенности”

Ньютон считал, что без вмешательства бога, неусыпно следящего за работой мирового механизма, устойчивость Солнечной системы могла бы нарушиться.

… весьма красноречивы доводы в подкрепление тезиса о боге как творце и создателе Вселенной, приводимые Ньютоном в «Оптике» (1704):

Главная обязанность натуральной философии — делать заключения из явлений, не измышляя гипотез, и выводить причины из действий до тех пор, пока мы не придем к самой первой причине, конечно, не механической… Что находится в местах, почти лишенных материи, и почему Солнце и планеты тяготеют друг к другу, хотя между ними нет плотной материи? Почему природа не делает ничего понапрасну и откуда проистекает весь порядок и красота, которые мы видим в мире? Для какой цели существуют кометы и почему все планеты движутся в одном и том же направлении по концентрическим орбитам, в то время как кометы движутся по всевозможным направлениям по очень эксцентрическим орбитам, и что мешает падению неподвижных звезд одной на другую? Каким образом тела животных устроены с таким искусством и для какой цели служат их различные части? Был ли построен глаз без понимания оптики, а ухо без знания акустики? Каким образом движения тел следуют воле и откуда инстинкт у животных?… И если эти вещи столь правильно устроены, не становится ли ясным из явлений, что есть бестелесное существо, живое, разумное, всемогущее, которое в бесконечном пространстве, как бы в своем чувствилище, видит все вещи вблизи, прозревает их насквозь и понимает их вполне благодаря их непосредственной близости к нему?

На свои вопросы Ньютон отвечает в третьем издании «Математических начал натуральной философии»:

Такое изящнейшее соединение Солнца, планет и комет не могло произойти иначе, как по намерению и власти могущественнейшего и премудрого существа… Сей управляет всем не как душа мира, а как властитель Вселенной и по господству своему должен именоваться господь бог вседержитель.

Ньютон уверял также, что господь бог — искусный математик и физик. Эту мысль он высказывает в письме преподобному Ричарду Бентли от 10 декабря 1692 г.:

Таким образом, чтобы сотворить эту [Солнечную] систему со всеми ее движениями, потребовалась причина, понимавшая и сравнивавшая количества материи в нескольких телах Солнца и планет и проистекавшие от этого силы тяготения; расстояния первичных планет от Солнца и вторичных планет [т.е. спутников] от Сатурна, Юпитера и Земли; скорости, с которыми эти планеты могли обращаться вокруг количеств материи в центральных телах. И то, что сравнить и согласовать все это удалось в столь многих телах, свидетельствует, что причина эта была не слепой или случайной, а весьма искусной в механике и геометрии.

Задача науки состоит в том, чтобы раскрывать блистательные замыслы творца, отмечает в начале того же письма Ньютон, и далее: «Когда я писал свой трактат о нашей системе [«Математические начала натуральной философии»], мне хотелось найти такие начала, которые были бы совместимы с верой людей в бога; ничто не может доставить мне большее удовлетворение, чем сознание того, что мой труд оказался не напрасным».

* * *

В своих рассуждениях мыслители XVIII в. нередко обращались к термину «метафизика». Под ним понимали совокупность истин, лежащих за пределами собственно математики. В случае необходимости эти истины могли быть использованы для обоснования того или иного математического утверждения, хотя природа метафизических истин оставалась неясной. Обращение к метафизике означало использование аргументов, которые не подкреплялись разумом. Так, Лейбниц утверждал, что метафизика используется в математике шире, чем можно себе представить. Единственным «обоснованием» равенства ½ = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − … и принципа непрерывности было утверждение Лейбница о том, что оба утверждения «обоснованы» метафизически. Предмет спора исчезал, коль скоро появлялось метафизическое «обоснование». Эйлер также обращался к метафизике и доказывал, что метафизические аргументы должны приниматься в анализе на веру. Всякий раз, когда математики XVII-XVIII вв. не находили подобающего аргумента в подтверждение того или иного утверждения, они говорили, что это утверждение верно по метафизическим причинам.

* * *

Говоря о мотивах, побуждающих обращаться к проблемам чистой математики, нельзя не упомянуть о давлении, оказываемом на математиков со стороны тех учреждений, где они работают, например университетов, — требовании публиковать результаты своих исследований. Поскольку для решения прикладных проблем необходимы обширные познания по крайней мере в одной из естественных наук и в математике, а нерешенные проблемы по трудности превосходят чисто математические, гораздо легче придумывать свои собственные задачи и решать то, что возможно решить.

* * *

За страсть к специализации математика платит бесплодием. Способствуя виртуозности, специализация редко приводит к значительным результатам.

* * *

На достаточно большом удалении от своего эмпирического источника и тем более во втором и в третьем поколении, когда математическая дисциплина лишь косвенно черпает вдохновение из идей, идущих от «реальности», над ней нависает смертельная опасность. Ее развитие все более и более определяется чисто эстетическими соображениями; она все более и более становится искусством для искусства. Само по себе это неплохо, если она взаимодействует с примыкающими математическими дисциплинами, обладающими более тесными эмпирическими связями, или если данная математическая дисциплина находится под влиянием людей с исключительно развитым вкусом. Но существует серьезная угроза, что математическая дисциплина будет развиваться по линии наименьшего сопротивления, что вдали от источника поток разветвится на множество ручейков и дисциплина превратится в хаотическое нагромождение деталей и сложностей. Иначе говоря, при большом отделении от эмпирического источника или после основательного абстрактного «инбридинга» математической дисциплине грозит опасность вырождения. При зарождении новой математической дисциплины ей обычно свойствен классический стиль. Когда же она начинает обретать черты барокко, то это сигнал опасности…

Джон Фон Нейман, очерк «Математик» (1947)

* * *

Герцу принадлежит высказывание: «Теория Максвелла состоит из уравнений Максвелла». Механического объяснения электромагнитных явлений не существует, как не существует и необходимости в таком объяснении. Восхищенный могуществом математики, Герц не удержался от восклицания: «Трудно отделаться от ощущения, что эти математические формулы существуют независимо от нас и обладают своим собственным разумом, что они умнее нас, умнее тех, кто открыл их, и что мы извлекаем из них больше, чем было в них первоначально заложено».

I know people who read and read, and for all the good it does them they might just as well cut bread-and-butter. They take to reading as better men take to drink. They fly through the shires of literature on a motor-car, their sole object being motion. They will tell you how many books they have read in a year.

Unless you give at least forty-five minutes to careful, fatiguing reflection (it is an awful bore at first) upon what you are reading, your ninety minutes of a night are chiefly wasted. This means that your pace will be slow.

Play by your own rules

If you’re an aspiring author, director, musician, startup founder, these long stretches of nothing are a huge reason why it’s important to pick something personally meaningful, something that you actually love to do. When external rewards and validation are nonexistent; when you suffer through bouts where of jealousy, wondering “How come so-and-so got signed/is successful/got a deal/etc?”; when every new development seems like a kick in the stomach, the love of what you are doing gives you something to hang onto.

Successful and Schizophrenic

One of the most frequently mentioned techniques that helped our research participants manage their symptoms was work. “Work has been an important part of who I am,” said an educator in our group. “When you become useful to an organization and feel respected in that organization, there’s a certain value in belonging there.” This person works on the weekends too because of “the distraction factor.” In other words, by engaging in work, the crazy stuff often recedes to the sidelines.

Being Suicidal: What it feels like to want to kill yourself

“Simply being poor isn’t a risk factor for suicide. But going rather suddenly from relative prosperity to poverty has been strongly linked to suicide”.

“People who have low self-esteem are often misanthropes, in that while they are indeed self critical, they are usually just as critical of other people. By contrast, suicidal individuals who engage in negative appraisals of the self seem to suffer the erroneous impression that other people are mostly good, while they themselves are bad.”

Be wary of designers who layer copy into their lovely layouts, or worse, use “lorem ipsum” as a stand-in for functional copy; these are signs you’ve hired a stylist and not a designer. (The same is true of visualizations—good designers start with the data, not the pretty pictures!)

Every time a cell divides, it replicates all of its DNA, a process that takes place in a matter of hours. The human body is a monster of 15 million million cells, each one harbouring its own faithful copy of the same DNA (two copies in fact). To form your body from a single egg cell, your DNA helices were prised apart to act as a template 15 million million times (and indeed many more, for cells die and are replaced all the time). Each letter is copied with a precision bordering on the miraculous, recreating the order of the original with an error rate of about one letter in 1,000 million. In comparison, for a scribe to work with a similar precision, he would need to copy out the entire bible 280 times before making a single error. In fact, the scribes’ success was a lot lower. There are said to be 24,000 surviving manuscript copies of the New Testament, and no two copies are identical.

Even in DNA, though, errors build up, if only because the genome is so very big. Such errors are called point mutations, in which one letter is substituted for another by mistake. Each time a human cell divides, you’d expect to see about three mutations per set of chromosomes. And the more times that acell divides, the more such mutations accumulate, ultimately contributing to diseases like cancer. Mutations also cross generations. If a fertilised egg develops as a female embryo, it takes about thirty rounds of cell division to form a new egg cell; and each round adds a few more mutations. Men are even worse: a hundred rounds of cell division are needed to make sperm, with each round linked inexorably to more mutations. Because sperm production goes on throughout life, round after round of cell division, the older the man, the worse it gets. As the geneticist James Crow put it, the greatest mutational health hazard in the population is fertile old men. But even an average child, of youthful parents, has around 200 new mutations compared with their parents (although only a handful of these may be directly harmful).

Questions are places in your mind where answers fit. If you haven’t asked the question, the answer has nowhere to go. It hits your mind and bounces right off. You have to ask the question – you have to want to know – in order to open up the space for the answer to fit.